Quarterly ASCII posting of Caldera (SCO) OpenUNIX 8 FAQ

Archive-name: unix-faq/openunix/qt-faq
Posting-Frequency: quarterly
Version: 3.0.0a
Last-modified: 2002/08/12
URL: http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/ou8faq/faq.pl
Maintainer: Boyd Lynn Gerber <gerberb@zenez.com>
Disclaimer: Approval for *.answers is based on form, not content.


The latest version of the OpenUNIX 8 (UnixWare 7) Faq is available from a few
places. The size is about 180 KB for the text version.

Web http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl Searchable html
version.
Ftp ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/FAQ/ou8faqqt.txt Anon, unixtext)
Current home.

Caldera (SCO) OpenUNIX 8 FAQ ASCII.

____________________________________________________________
| |
| OpenUNIX 8 FAQ Version 3.00 |
| 17th Revsion |
| 12 Feb 2002 |
| |
| Author.............Matthew Schalit mschalit@pacbell.net |
| Web version.......Boyd Gerber gerberb@zenez.com |
| Hosting..........Tony Lawrence tony@pcunix.com |
`____________________________________________________________'


0. Intro
1. General Information
2. User Related Information
3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks
4. The Network
5. System Administration
6. Security
7. Printing
8. Third Party Software
9. Useful Shell Commands
10. Migrating from OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7



0. Intro

0.1 WWWWW&H.
0.2 Copyright & Disclaimer
0.3 Where do I get a copy of this Faq?
0.4 May I translate the Faq?
0.5 May I host, maintain, or eradicate it?



1. General Information

1.1 What's a node? What's a host?
1.2 What's a nodename? What's a hostname?
1.3 What's a Domain Name?
1.4 What's a Fully Qualified Domain Name?
1.5 Something doesn't work. How do I fix it?
1.6 What's a disk, disc, or diskette?
1.7 What's a program? What's a process?
1.8 What commands are used to install software?
1.9 How do I add a package on a disk?
1.10 How do I add a group of packages on a disk?
1.11 How do I add a package that's on a disc?
1.12 What are the names of the Uw7 devices in /dev?
1.13 What is stdin? What is stdout? What is stderr?
1.14 Why am I suddenly getting not privileged or no permissions errors?
1.15 How do I access DOS diskettes?
1.16 What are some really neat things about Uw7?
1.17 What's the Webtop?
1.18 What's Visionfs?
1.19 What's a sticky bit?
1.20 Who's logged into my Uw7 host?
1.21 What processes are being run by user foobar?
1.22 How do I boot a Uw7 computer?
1.23 How do I turn off a Uw7 computer or just reboot it?
1.24 How do I boot into single user mode?
1.25 What's an inode?
1.26 What's a hard link?
1.27 What's a symbolic link?
1.28 How many users are licensed on my Uw7 host?
1.29 What's a router? What's a route? What's a default route?
1.30 What's a hop?
1.31 What's ISL?
1.32 What's an ACL?
1.33 What are the minimum system requirements for Uw711?
1.34 Where do I get the two install diskettes and the HBA diskette?
1.35 In what order do I insert my HBA diskettes, one came from a 3rd party?
1.36 How do I list the installed software on the system?
1.37 How do I check and repair the installed software?
1.38 What's a MB? What's a Mb? What's a KB and a Kb?
1.39 How do I convert decimal numbers to binary numbers?
1.40 How do I convert binary to decimal?
1.41 Are the any Y2K or 2-digit vs. 4-digit year issues?
1.42 What are my biggest problems with Uw7?
1.43 How do I document my Uw7 System? (HW, SW...)
1.44 What about programming in UnixWare 7?
1.45 How do I migrate from OpenServer 5.0.x to UnixWare 7.1.1?
1.46 How do I get my IDE cdrom recognized during ISL?
1.47 SCO's been sold to Caldera, what will happen to UnixWare 7?
1.48 When will Open Unix 8 be released?
1.49 What is the LKP that will be in Open Unix 8?
1.50 Why do I see words with parentheses like fdisk(1M) and pwrite(2)?


2. User Related Information

2.1 What shell am I using?
2.2 How do I display Yurtle's user ID (UID) or group ID (GID)?
2.3 What's a really good shell that gives me useful commands?
2.4 Where are my users's home directories on UnixWare7?
2.5 What is User Equivalence and why is it important?
2.6 What do the permissions -rw-r--r do? How about drwxr-xr-x ?
2.7 How do I use Korn shell command recall (history)?
2.8 How do I use Korn shell filename and directory name completion?
2.9 Can I display 132 columns on my terminal screen instead of 80?
2.10 How do I change the color of the terminal font or background?
2.11 How do I do an ls -l on a directory - not it's contents?
2.12 Why do I want to use 'less' ?
2.13 How do I impress changes made to my .profile on my environment?
2.14 How do I spell check this Faq?
2.15 How can I tell if an ftp download is still working?
2.16 How do I issue complex commands to an ftp server, like ls -lF ?
2.17 How do I copy and paste in the KDE from an eterm to another app?
2.18 How do I display my current working directory at a ksh prompt?
2.19 How do I display my current working directory at a bash prompt?
2.20 How do I type accented charaters in vi, Messenger, or Kedit?
2.21 What are the different ways to print documents?
2.22 How do I use ghostscript to format documents for an Epson 800?
2.23 How do I use VisionFS to print to a Windows shared printer?



3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks

3.1 What's a partition?
3.2 What's a slice?
3.3 What's a filesystem?
3.4 What's an inode?
3.5 What does HBA stand for?
3.6 Can an HBA have more than one bus?
3.7 What is the lun number?
3.8 If a computer has two SCSI cards, which is c0 and which is c1?
3.9 What are the names of the disks, like /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 ?
3.10 What is the device name of the diskette drive?
3.11 How do I write files to a diskette and list them?
3.12 How do I format a 1.44 MB floppy?
3.13 How do I create a filesystem on a floppy?
3.14 How do I mount a floppy and view its contents?
3.15 How do I access the disc in my cd-rom drive?
3.16 What might a guru type when mounting a disc?
3.17 Can I burn a cdr in UnixWare 7.1.0?
3.18 What is the tape drive called?
3.19 What is a good tape drive to use with Uw7?
3.20 What are some of the tape commands I want to know?
3.21 What are the various filesystem types on Uw7?
3.22 What's the maximum filesystem size?
3.23 What's the maximum file size?
3.24 What's the logical block size?
3.25 Is there still that 64k inode limit by default?
3.26 How do I mount the filesystem on a disk, disc, or diskette?
3.27 Why would mounting fail?
3.28 Why would unmounting fail?
3.29 How do I list the disk geometry like Cylinders, Heads, Bytes/Sector?
3.30 How do list my partition and slice layout? Is there a divvy?
3.31 How do I convert sectors to MB?
3.32 How do I add a 2nd or 3rd disk drive to my system?
3.33 How do I partition a hard drive?
3.34 How do I create a slice in a partition?
3.35 How do I create a filesystem in a slice?
3.36 How do I use quotas on a vxfs filesystem in Uw7?
3.37 How do I fsck the root filesystem?
3.38 How do I enable Large File Support (for file sizes up to 1TB)?
3.39 Why aren't my new SCSI devices recognized after I install them?
3.40 Why isn't my Yamaha 4416S recognized after I install it?
3.41 How do I institute ACL's on a Uw7 system?
3.42 How do I superformat a diskette in Uw7?
3.43 Why doesn't my tape drive work with cpio, tar, and ArcServe?
3.44 How do I add additional swap space?
3.45 Why do all the files on a mounted CD-ROM have ';1' at the end?
3.46 How do I make an exact duplicate of an audio cd?
3.47 What are a good set of options to backup /home to cdr?
3.48 Do the memfs filesystems, /tmp and /var/tmp, use 50MB of RAM?
3.49 How do I convert the memfs filesystems to regular vxfs ones?





4. The Network

4.1 Do I need a nic in my Uw7 box?
4.2 What is a good brand of nic to use in Uw7?
4.3 How do I list my IP and MAC addresses for all configured nics?
4.4 How do I list my routing table?
4.5 How do I add a default route? Is it permanent?
4.6 What is a Virtual Domain?
4.7 How do I add an IP alias? Is it permanent?
4.8 Suddenly the network is slow, why?
4.9 Is there a firewall program for Uw7?
4.10 What is a TCP Wrapper?
4.11 What is a Packet Filter?
4.12 Why can't root ftp into Uw7?
4.13 What are the idiosyncrasies with the DNS Server Manager?
4.14 Why does logging into the CDE freeze for minutes, then restart?
4.15 What are network services?
4.16 What network services, that run by default, don't I need?
4.17 Why can't I see computers on another subnet with Visionfs?
4.18 Can I synchronize my computer's clock with the correct time?
4.19 How do I use ntpdate?
4.20 How do I use xntpd?
4.21 Where is my domain name stored in the root filesystem?
4.22 Is DHCP possible with Uw7?
4.23 What are good IP addresses to use for my private LAN?
4.24 How do I setup Uw7 as a router for two subnets?
4.25 What is a good modem for Uw7?
4.26 How do I set up an outgoing ppp connection?
4.27 How do I set up an incoming ppp connection?
4.28 How do I set up bidirectional PPP?
4.29 I want to disable a particular daemon, how is this done?
4.30 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/inetd.conf?
4.31 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/config?
4.32 How do I boot an ftp user who is logged in?
4.33 How do I catch someone trying to port scan my Uw7 host?
4.34 What web servers are running or not on Uw7 after ISL?
4.35 Why can't I access the Webtop, my Netscape server, or Netscape Admin?
4.36 How do I configure remote Netscape administration?
4.37 What is the loginass for Netscape Admin? I can't log in.
4.38 What do I need to watch out for with ns-admin.conf?
4.39 How do I do NAT or DNAT or IP Masquerading on Uw7?
4.40 Why do I see a 'Disk not sane' error when booting off emergency disks?
4.41 Can I speed up DNS resolution on my SOHO network?
4.42 How do I set up well tuned cacheing DNS server?



5. System Administration

5.1 What do I want to watch out for, right after ISL?
5.2 What do I want to set up, right after ISL?
5.3 In what order do I install all those PTFs?
5.4 What logs do I want to follow?
5.5 Where are errors recorded?
5.6 How do I remove the password prompt for a user with no password?
5.7 A program that was running has crashed and is locked up, why?
5.8 What are the keys I press to kill a foreground process?
5.9 How do I find and kill a background process?
5.10 What are the various 'kill' command arguments?
5.11 What are the Security Profiles and their password restrictions?
5.12 What are the restrictions on login names?
5.13 What's a umask? What's the default umask?
5.14 What's an environment? What's a .profile or .cshrc?
5.15 Where are all the possible places to set the environment?
5.16 Where do I change the default account aspects, like the login shell?
5.17 How do I reuse a UID after deleting the original user?
5.18 What are the advantages of command line 'userdel?'
5.19 What are the advantages of command line 'usermod?'
5.20 Where do I change the default password restrictions, such as length?
5.21 How do I record unsuccessful login attempts?
5.22 How do I lock an account? How do I unlock an account?
5.23 How do I control process priority in Uw7, with nice?
5.24 What's good to know about cron in Uw7?
5.25 How do I monitor the amount of space left on my drives?
5.26 How do I determine disk usage by user?
5.27 How do I locate and remove 'core' files?
5.28 What is the DCU? What do I need to know about it?
5.29 How do I spool a package rather than install it?
5.30 How do I change the resolution / colors on my video card?
5.31 Will you describe the boot process please?
5.32 What is the default run level for Uw7? How do I set it?
5.33 What does 'Can't load stage3' mean?
5.34 What can I do at the boot: prompt?
5.35 Where do I set autoboot time, after which the system goes multiuser?
5.36 How do I boot unix.old?
5.37 How do I make a change to the /etc/inittab file?
5.38 Why does my system hang during startup or during shutdown?
5.39 How do I rebuild the kernel?
5.30 How do I rebuild the MBR or MBB?
5.41 How do I rebuild the boot slice?
5.42 How do I figure what process caused a core dump, such as core.242?
5.43 What are the important tunable parameters I might adjust like MAXUP?
5.44 How do I stop the X desktop or the CDE from running?
5.45 How do I send a pop-up message to the Windows machines on my LAN?
5.46 How do I change the message I see at the login prompt?
5.47 How do I get the character terminals to blank the screen?
5.48 How do I load XFree86 instead of XSco?
5.49 How do I disable tty's on UnixWare 7?
5.50 How do I check which PTF patches are installed?




6. Security

6.1 What are the system security features?
6.2 What are permissions?
6.3 What are Tcp Wrappers and Packet Filters?
6.4 What are privileges?
6.5 What are the alternatives to su? A user needs a privilege.
6.6 How do I use tfadmin, adminuser, and adminrole, instead of su?
6.7 What are some gaping security risks I need to patch immediately?
6.8 I'm not sure if I should apply a Uw7 security patch, what do I do?
6.9 How do I check which SSE security patches are installed?



8. Third Party Software

8.1 openssl
8.2 ssh2 - openssh2
8.3 Star Office
8.4 Where do I find a piece of software call "xxxxxxxxxxx" for Uw7.1.0?
8.5 Lonetar, Backup Edge, Backup Professional
8.6 What is on the Skunkware?
8.7 How do I enable 128-bit encryption with Netscape programs?
8.8 Wordperfect 8
8.9 How do I install the KDE? Is it any good?
8.10 Where is Kermit for UnixWare 7?
8.11 Pine-4.33
8.12 Alladin Ghostscript gs7.00
8.13 Gnu-make-3.79.1
8.14 binuitils-2.11
8.15 gmp-3.1.1
8.16 libtool-1.4
8.17 m4-1.4p
8.18 dejagnu-1.4
8.19 autoconf-2.50
8.20 gcc-3.00
8.21 gnu-tar-1.13
8.22 bzip2-1.0.1
8.23 gdbm-1.8.0
8.24 flex-2.5.4a
8.25 zlib-1.1.3
8.26 perl-5.6.0



9. Useful Shell Commands

9.1 How do I search in every file for a string like "See foo?"
9.2 How do I find the largest files and directories?
9.3 How do I find the largest files?
9.4 How do I determine the number of free inodes?
9.5 How do I find the user who is using files in a filesystem and
thus preventing it from being unmounted?






10. Migrating from OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7

10.1 SCO Migration Tools
10.2 SETUID bit










______________________________
| |
| 0. Intro |
|______________________________|



0.1 WWWWW&H?
12 Feb 2002
-----------------------------------------
Who - Matthew Schalit, mschalit@pacbell.net, Age 34.
B.S. in Physics UCSB, UnixWare 7 ACE.
Contribs
Boyd Gerber, Roberto Zini, Jim Van Verth, Robert Lipe
Hops, mitrich, zigazou, James Richardson, tangent. T. Lawrence,
and others.
What - This is a compilation of newsgroup questions from the Usenet
newsgroups comp.unix.unixware.misc, and comp.unix.sco.misc,
that deal with the Santa Cruz Operation UnixWare 7 operating
system (SCO Uw7). It can roughly be applied to Open Unix 8.
Where - I come from Northern California.
When - This was originally posted to c.u.u.m. on 18 Oct 1999.
This is the 16th and final revision. Caldera has moved on
to Open Unix 8 and that spells the end for this FAQ.
Why - I was inspired to write this when I saw a goodly Linux guy
posting how there was no Faq but that Linux had a bunch.
How - I publish the original straight text so that it's portable, and
Boyd Gerber handles the Web site version and the real time user
contribution program. The web version is hosted by Tony Lawrence.



Recent changes are dated 12 Feb 2002.





0.2 Copyright & Disclaimer
7 Dec 1999
----------------------------------------
These bits have been posted to a newsgroup and as such are free.
Due to their nature, you may use them as you see fit. Permission
to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Faq for any purpose and
without fee is hereby granted. It'd be an honor. Matthew Schalit
makes no representations about the suitability of this Faq for any
purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.





0.3 Where do I get a copy of this Faq?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
The Faq can be found at it's home, in text, pdf, or postscript.

Ftp: ftp://ftp.schalit.net/pub/Uw7Faq/
Web: http://zenez.pcunix.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl
Email: mschalit@pacbell.net

Send me some email and the file type if you'd like, and I'll send
it along.

Looking through my ftp log, occasionally I see folks getting their
download denied because their ftp client sent an invalid PORT command
that used an ip address like 192.168.1.10. Private address like that
fail because they are not routable, meaning the ftp server can't get
the data to you. So the server gives up and doesn't try. In that case,
I recommend you try to use the passive ftp that Netscape does by default,
or via the Uw7 command line:

ftp -p ftp.schalit.net



If you want to host the FAQ, Boyd has a version that you can use with the
FAQ-O-Matic on your site. To get the FAQ-O-Matic version, go to:
ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/FAQ/Download/
The files you would need are as follows:
SCO-uw7faq.tar.gz
FAQ-OMatic-2.711.tar.gz
README







0.4 May I translate this Faq?
8 Jun 2001
----------------------------------------
The UnixWare community and I would appreciate any translations.
Send me some email [mschalit@pacbell.net] and I'll put a copy on my
ftp site. So far it's been translated into Turkish, and Slavic, and
Portugese, though I haven't heard back from those folks.






0.5 May I host, maintain, or eradicate it?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
Not much to do. It's just another piece of history now, and was
published to the internet in comp.unix.unixware.





_________________________________
| |
|1. General Information |
|_________________________________|===========================================


1.1 What's a node? What's a host?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
Node and host are synonyms for 'computer.' A node can also refer to
a device file like /dev/rdsk/f03ht, your 1.44 MB diskette.


1.2 What's a nodename? What's a hostname?
12 Dec 1999
----------------------------------------
A nodename or a hostname is a computer's name. Computers are given
names so that they can be easily distinguished from one another in
a network environment. A nodename is a single word, eight characters
or less, in lower case, that begins with a letter. For the name to be
compatible with uucp, keep the name seven characters or less. Common
names for people's computers are types of trees, countries, and names
of their favorite Sci-Fi characters. e.g.:

tortola
redwood
luke
sales1


1.3 What's a Domain Name?
18 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
A domain name is the name that a group of computers all share.
We are familiar with common domain names like:

sco.com
ibm.com
pacbell.net
sco.co.uk

A domain name is the human-friendly representation of the network
address of a group of computers.



1.4 What's a Fully Qualified Domain Name?
18 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
A FQDN is the complete name for a computer that specifies it on
a network. It consists of the nodename + domain name:

tortola.sco.com
uw7doc.sco.com
www.sco.com
luke.mydomain.net
www.deepspace.ucsb.edu

A FQDN is the human-friendly representation of the IP address for
a host on a network.



1.5 Something doesn't work. How do I fix it?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
There are the man pages, which contain the directions for each command
and some important files, too. Use the 'man' or 'apropos' command to
look for a command or subject respectively:

man grep
apropos security

Use the help search engine on any UnixWare7 host to search for a word
or words. If the host is down, use the docserver at Caldera:

http://localhost:457/ <-- For the UnixWare host.
http://www.caldera.com/suppot/docs <-- At Caldera and updated.


My favorite places for information:

http://www.google.com/ <-- Search the newsgroups
http://docsrv.caldera.com:80 <-- UnixWare7 Docs
http://docsrv.caldera.com:1997 <-- Open Unix 8 Docs
http://stage.caldera.com/ta/ <-- Caldera TA's (Technical Aritcles)



The TA's have been greatly enhanced by the additions of many issues.
Definitely take a look at the good work done there. TA's generally
come in two flavors, informational and technical howto.


The Usenet newsgroups that you will want to focus on are:
comp.unix.unixware.misc
comp.unix.sco.misc
comp.unix.sco.programmer
comp.unix.shell


There is an excellent Uw7 book recently published:
Henriksen G. & M., _UnixWare 7 System Administration_, MacMillan
Technical Publishing, USA, 1998.


There are excellent web sites by other good people at:
http://www.pcunix.com/
http://www.cruzio.com/~jeffl/sco/index.html





1.6 What's a disk, disc, or diskette?
12 Dec 2001
----------------------------------------
A disk refers to a hard disk.
A disc refers to a cd-rom or dvd.
A diskette refers to a floppy.



1.7 What's a program? What's a process?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
A program is a file that is stored on a physical piece of media that can
be run to perform a series of tasks. A process is what you call that
program when it is loaded into and running in memory. The list of all
processes running on the computer is output with the command:

ps -ef

Sometimes a process can get stuck or go into an infinite loop. Looking
at the process table with ps or with the command top is a good way to
check on your processes. Top is available on Skunkware.




1.8 What commands are used to install software?
16 Oct 2001
----------------------------------------
Software is usually bundled into an installable archive called a package.
Packages are added, viewed, modified, and deleted with variations of the
following commands. See also the next question.

pkgadd
pkginfo
pkgrm



1.9 How do I add a package on a disk?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
To add a package named '/tmp/myapp.pkg' do the following:

cd /tmp
pkgadd -d `pwd`/myapp.pkg

It is preferable to add a package utilizing the `pwd` command, because
sometimes we're deep in a directory tree, and it's easier to let the shell
complete that path name rather than type

pkgadd -d /home/yurtle/apps/uw7/skunk/squid/squid2.2/squid-2.2STABLE2.pkg



1.10 How do I add a group of packages on a disk?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Let's say you have a bunch of Skunkware packages that you downloaded
and stored in /dload/skunk/*.pkg, then you can do the following:

cd /dload/skunk
find `pwd` -name "*pkg" -ok pkgadd -d {} \;

where
find <-- the command searches your mounted filesystems
`pwd` <-- is evaluated as your current path
-name <-- tell find that your looking for a specific file(s)
"*pkg" <-- called splat pkg.
-ok <-- pipe those complete pathnames to the next command
if and only if the user presses the 'y' key after
each found file is displayed to stdout.
pkgadd -d <-- that's the package adding command
-d <-- tells pkgadd that the next arg will be the path to the pkg
{} <-- this is where find inserts the path it found one at a time
\; <-- Escaped semi means end of the find command line.





1.11 How do I add a package that's on a disc?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
To add the package named 'less' from the first cd-rom drive:

pkgadd -d cdrom1 less

You can also install a bunch of apps from the same drive:

pkgadd -d cdrom1 less gs xpm glibs gv xpdf top pine





1.12 What are the names of the media devices (like disk, tape, etc...)
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Open Unix comes with two neat commands called, 'getdev' and 'devattr'
which are often used one after the other:

getdev | less
devattr -v diskette1

1.44 Floppy Raw character device name for formatting
/dev/rdsk/f03ht
/dev/rfd0

1.44 Floppy Block device name for mounting, taring, cpio, etc.
/dev/dsk/f03ht
/dev/fd0

Tape: /dev/rmt/ctape1 1st scsi drive, rewinding.

Harddisk: /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 the t0 and s0 parts change for
each device.

See also: Section (3), Media, Filesystems, and Disks !




1.13 What is stdin? What is stdout? What is stderr?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
They're called file descriptors.

stdin, standard in, refers to the data stream that is going into a process,
which is, by default, taken from the keyboard. But the data characters can
be taken from a file, instead, and that's an example of redirecting
standard input from a file.

stdout, standard out, refers to the data stream that is coming from a
running process. By default, stdout is directed to your screen.
Commands like 'ls' and 'cat' display their output to stdout.

stderr, standard error, refers to the data stream of error messages
being generated by a process. The registration nag displays itself to
stderr, which is usually the console, ctrl-alt-esc. Often stderr is sent
to the same place that stdout is directed to.

stdin, stdout and stderr can all be redirected. How to implement this
is dependent on your shell.

Example of redirection with the Bourne shell.

< /pub/phonelist *Would be a stdin redirect
> /tmp/printout *Would be a stdout redirect
2> /tmp/errorfile *Would be a stderr redirect

> /dev/null *Would be stdout sent to the null device

pkgchk -n base 2>&1 > /tmp/printout *Would be a stdout redirect
to /tmp/printout, and a stderr
redirect to stdout's destination


./configure > con.log 2>&1 *Would be a stdout redirect to the file
con.log and a stderr redirect to
stdout's destination. When both
stdout and stderr go to the same
file, you see nothing on the screen.

make > make.log 2>&1 *Would be the same as above.

make 2>&1 | tee make.log *Would be a stderr redirect to the
destination of stdout, which is still
the display, but then redirect of
stdout through a pipe to the command
tee, which allows stdout to be
displayed normally to the screen
while also copying it to make.log.

(same as above but you can see the output as it's going)







1.14 Why am I suddenly getting not privileged or no permissions errors?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
When something drastic occurs, such as the restoring of critical files,
the securities privilege database can get corrupted. Symptoms could be
that a user tries to ping and they will see:

UXing: ERROR: socket: permission denied

Check it with:

/sbin/initprivs

If running that returns anything at all, then fix it immediately with

/etc/security/tools/setpriv -x

Other times the user may simply not have the privliges to access a proteced
command. Check the filepriv and setpriv man pages for more information.
All users can't traceroute for instance, and that is by default.





1.15 How do I access DOS diskettes?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
In Uw7.1.x, the old DOS utilities have been replaced with the mtools
programs located on Skunkware. We now have:

mdir mcopy mdel mmd mformat

Make sure to use the newest mtools *from Caldera's ftp site*
because mtools ver 3.9.1 has bugs that I wrote a mini-HOWTO about.





1.16 What are some really neat things about Uw7?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
There's not really anything special about Uw7. There were
a couple of gimmicks, but they don't come with Open Unix 8.
It could handle 8 processors.




1.17 What is the Webtop?
12 Dec 2001
----------------------------------------
The Webtop was a gimmick, a lite version of Tarentella.

The Webtop let you run an application on Uw7 but display it
to any Netscape w/Java browser anywhere in the world.

Support for it has been dropped.




1.18 What is Visionfs?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Visionfs was another gimmick that's been dropped. Samba is the current
accepted method of connecting windows boxes to unix filesystems if you
don't want to deal with NFS. TermVision is another product that is
reported to be excellent at this sort of SMB share access.






1.19 What's a sticky bit?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
A sticky bit is one of the permissions that can be set on a directory.
Most people are familiar with read and write permissions already.

drwxrwxrwx <-- A directory that any user can list,
create/delete files in, or access.

When the sticky bit is set on a directory, it means that anyone can
create files in the directory but users can only delete files they own.

drwxrwxrwt <-- Here the sticky bit is set.

The temp directory has the sticky bit set on it. To set the sticky
bit on a directory called /foo as shown above, enter the command:

chmod 1777 /foo

There's also the possibility that the x bit will not
be set for "others," as in drwxrwxrw-, and the sticky
bit perms for that setup would then be drwxrwxrwT.

On another note, man 2 chmod specifies how the sticky bit on an ELF
executable can be set to make an instance of that file stay in memory
after the last user terminates their instance of that process, thus
making that ELF run faster the next time.






1.20 Who is logged into my Uw7 host?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
You can use the 'who -Hu' command. You can also use the 'last' command.
You can forcibly logout a user by looking for the pid of the shell they
have logged into. The pid is listed in the right most column. Issue a
kill -2 <pid>, or a kill -9 <pid> if needed.



1.21 What processes are being run by user foobar?
24 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
You can use the 'ps -u foobar' command.



1.22 How do I boot a Uw7 computer?
24 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
When you turn on the power, you will see a UnixWare 7 splash
screen after your computer POST's. There is a 5 second delay
and then it will autoboot into multiuser mode. If for some reason
you are presented with a boot: prompt, you can type go
and press Enter.




1.23 How do I turn off a Uw7 computer or just reboot it?
24 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
As root, from the / directory enter:

shutdown -g0 -y -i0 <-- To shut it off
shutdown -g0 -y -i6 <-- To reboot it

both commands wait for zero seconds before beginning the shutdown,
and both commands require no further 'yes' responses.





1.24 How do I boot into single user mode?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Turn on the computer or reboot it, and when you see the
splash screen, press the space bar. At the boot: prompt, type:

initstate=1
go

Boot: is not sensitive to case. You can abbreviate commands with enough
letters to be unique. So b will work for boot, g for go. You can get
some limited help with a ? at the boot: prompt.


Do not attempt to go to single user mode from multiuser mode.
This barely works, and you will get many errors. Always reboot
to single user mode as decribed above.

Do not attempt to go to multiuser mode from single user mode.
To get to multiuser mode, always reboot! If you don't, you will most
likely have a crippled system.






1.25 What's an inode?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
An inode is a data structure that contains information about a file.
An inode is similar to a card in the card-catalog of a library.
But instead of keeping track of the Title, Author and Dewey Decimal System
number, inodes keep track of:


* mode - d,l,c,b (Directory, Link, Device Files)
* link count - the number of hard links to the file
* owner -
* group -
* size in bytes -
* time stamps - mtime, ctime, atime
* data block addresses - Pointers to the real data



You can see how an inodes points to a file in a filesystem, just as a
Table of Contents entry points to a chapter in a book, or a cardfile
from a card-catalog points to the area of the Library by Dewey number.

* Each filesystem has one set of inodes like there is one
card-catalog in each libaray.

* Inodes are referred to by numbers starting from 2.

* There has been historically a limit of 64K inodes per
filesystem, and we had to watch out that we didn't
create too many files. Not anymore.

* You have unlimited inodes on vxfs filesystems.

* Each file has an inode assigned to it when it is created.





1.26 What's a hard link?
9 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
A hard link is an additional name for a file. When a user creates
a hard link, an inode number / name pair is entered into the target
directory, and that inode is the same number as the original inode.
Thus both names have the same inode number.

Hard links can not cross filesystem boundaries (filesystems have
different inode tables). Hard links can't link directories.



1.27 What's a symbolic link?
9 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
A symlink is sometimes called a soft link and is another
way to provide multiple names for the same file. A symlink
can cross filesystem boundaries and can link directories.

Physically, when a user creates a symlink, a new file entry is created
in the target directory, and that file's inode contains pointers
to the original file's data block addresses.



1.28 How many users are licensed on my Uw7 host?
9 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
You can run the uname -l command.



1.29 What's a router? What's a route? What's a default route?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Router:
A router is a network device that is used to connect two different
networks together. The difference in the networks can be as trivial
as that they are on different subnets, or complex as in
connecting and translating a DSL line to a local LAN, for example.
A router can be a separate device as in a Cisco router or a router
can be a computer with 2 network cards. A firewall is a router that
only allows specific traffic to pass between networks.

Static Route:
When a computer on network A needs to talk to a computer on network B,
the data passes out through network A's router that is also connected
to network B. The router between network A and network B needs to be
told that traffic destined for B exits the router through B's ethernet
card. When you specify that, you specify a static route from A to B.
You also need to tell the router that traffic destined for A exits the
router on A's NIC. So you need two static routes on the router between
A and B. These static routes get created automatically by scoadmin netw.


Default Route:
The default route sends all traffic without a static route out through
the default gateway. So all traffic has some route to go through.
Once again we have network A connected to network B through a router,
and network B connected to network C through a different router. When
a host on A wants to talk to a host on C, we could specify a static route,
but that quickly becomes rediculous when we consider having to specify
static routes to google, caldera, ibm, sourceforge, etc. Instead we use
a default route, rather than many static routes. The default route is
the fall back. It says to a router that if you don't have a path
specified to get traffic from A to C, then just send the traffic out
the default route.




1.30 What's a hop?
11 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
When we speak of the number of hops that it takes for data to get from
computer A to computer B, we are referring to the number of routers that
the data passes through to get there.



1.31 What's ISL?
13 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
ISL stands for Initial System Load, which is what we call it when
you install UnixWare 7.



1.32 What an ACL?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
ACL stands for Access Control List, and an ACL is a list of permissions
that correspond to a file the same way UID:GID and -rwxr-xr-- do. The
ACL permissions are an extension of the usual permissions on a file.
ACL's give us a way to let specific users access files, users who would
not otherwise have access. See also the ACL question(s) in the System
Administration section. When there is an an active ACL list for a
file, then ls -l will show a (+) sign after the permissions bit, i.e.:

-rwxr-xr-x+

ACL's can be used to let two different groups have access to a file,
or they can be used on a more specific per user basis. ACL's can also
be put onto a directory, and then new files will inherit the default ACL's.

Unfortunately SCO shipped 7.0.1, 7.1.0, and 7.1.1 with broken default
directory acl'S and never fixed them. Files didn't inherit the default
acl's, but that's fixed now.

Default directory ACL's work in Open Unix 8.







1.33 What are the minimum system requirements for Uw711?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
32 MB RAM, 486DX, mouse, SVGA, floppy, cd-rom or nic to install,
and a 1.2 GB hard drive (500MB for small footprint server).
That would be rather meager, though; so try to use at least a Pentium
with 64 MB ram.

*** Please be sure to use supported hardware that is listed at ***
http://www.caldera.com/chwp/



1.34 Where do I get the two install diskettes and the HBA diskette?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Normally those diskettes were packaged with the Uw7 media kit that you got.
When they are lost or corrupted, you can recreate them from images
that are on your Uw7 Install Disc #1. Those images are stored
on the disc in

/info/images/Boot_ima.1
/info/images/Boot_ima.2
/info/images/Hba_imag

To make a diskette from one of those images, choose one way:

A) Use a Uw7 machine, cd to the /info/images directory and:

format -E /dev/rfd0
dd if=<image> of=/dev/rfd0 bs=512k

I patiently run an exhaustive verify on all my diskette
formats, but that's just me.

B) Use the program rawrite2 which is available on the net.
Run this in a DOS window somewhere distasteful:

rawrite2 -f d:\info\images\Boot_ima.1 -d A:

C) Use the floppycp program, available on the net, for
DOS or Win.

D) These days, WinImage 6 is the best way to make diskette
images.

If you don't have the CD's then you can find the install diskettes
on the Caldera FTP site in one of the ptf's.




1.35 In what order do I insert my HBA diskettes, one came from a 3rd party?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
When you are given an HBA diskette for Uw7 from a third party hardware
vendor like DPT or Mylex, you will insert that diskette first and insert
the SCO supplied HBA diskette last, during the ISL process. The install
process will use the first installed driver, if there were two installed.




1.36 How do I list the installed software on the system?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
You can use the pkginfo command as in:

pkginfo | less
pkginfo -l <pkgname like nsfast or xpdf>
pkginfo | grep skunk
pkginfo | grep patch
pkginfo | grep sse

pkginfo -c patch
pkginfo -c system

pkginfo -lc patch | grep PSTAMP






1.37 How do I check and repair the installed software?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
People are tempted to use the pkgchk -n command to check if there
are any errors in the installed packages. This is ok. But it
is NOT ok whatsoever to use pkgchk -f to fix things up. The
Uw7 Release 7.1 Getting Started Guide specifically states,
on p. 65,

'It is typical to see a number of errors when running this command
(pkgchk or pkgchk -n), due to the number of and interaction
between the various packages on your system. You should make a
note of any errors you find, but do not attempt to fix these
errors with pkgchk -f. This command is currently not
supported and may cause your system to fail or not reboot.
There is no current workaround.'

I like to run:
pkgchk -n base 2>&1 > /tmp/pout

Less the pout file and fix what's wrong. Post to c.u.u.m with
questions if you have troubles.




1.38 What's a MB? What's a Mb? What's a KB and a Kb?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Definitions Conversion Factors
----------- ------------------
MB - Megabyte 1 MB = 1,024 KB = 1,048,576 B
Mb - Megabit

KB - Kilobyte 1 KB = 1,024 B
kb - Kilobit

B - byte 1 B = 8 b
b - bit
512 B = 1 block





1.39 How do I convert decimal numbers to binary numbers?
14 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
To convert decimal to binary, draw yourself the following
chart, and I'll convert 184 to binary:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 <-- two to this power
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 <-- equals the number below it


To convert 184, I think to myself:
* 184 has at least a 128 in it, so I put a one in the 128's column.

1

* 184-128 = 56 , which is less that 64, so there are no 64's. Put a 0
in the 64's columns and a one in the 32's instead.

1 0 1

* 56-32 = 24, so I need a 16 and an 8 to make 24, no 4's, 2's, or 1's.

1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

So 184 = 10111000. I hope that wasn't too confusing.





1.40 How do I convert binary to decimal?
14 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
To convert binary back to decimal, draw the usual chart:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Then, to convert 11011011, for instance, write it below the columns,

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 which looks like:

128 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 219





1.41 Are the any Y2K or 2-digit vs. 4-digit year issues?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
For UnixWare 7.1.1, you need: ptf7651a, part of set71101.

Everyone should probably check out the SCO y2k download page at:

http://www.sco.com/support/y2klist.html

UnixWare 7 will not function after 2036.
UnixWare 7 has problems if you try to install it to a computer
whose BIOS clock current. You may have to set the BIOS clock
back to mid 2001, install, then reboot and reset the BIOS clock
to the correct time.







1.42 What are my biggest problems with Uw7?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
Well, they fixed them all(most)

Thanks.

There are two that are 5 years old, leftover from 7.0.0.

1) 'man' is so broken it's not even funny. MANPATH. ORDER. Eherrmm.
man -a doesn't work correctly if you have an open source version
of a program installed that has the same name as system program.
Man will only find the SCO html version and stops searching correctly
for any other possible versions in /usr/local/man even though MANPATH
is set and those directories get searched during man commands.





1.43 How do I document my UW 7 System? (HW, SW...)
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
There are a number of ways to view and/or create a text file of your
UnixWare 7 hardware configuration, but there's no dmesg.

There's sysinfo and hw.

In November 2000, Sco released TLS712, sysinfo. Sysinfo(1M) gives the
most comprehensive way to list your entire Unixware setup, in both
text or html, and it includes these commands, among others:


A. The resmgr(1M) command outputs your hardware configuration (DCU)
information:
/sbin/resmgr > /tmp/hw


B. The prtconf(1M) command prints system memory and peripheral
configuration.
/usr/sbin/prtconf


C. The sdiconfig(1M) command queries the storage device interface
subsystem to determine which disk, tape and scsi controllers
are present. To list the controllers and the attached devices,
use the command:
/sbin/sdiconfig -l





1.44 What about programming in UnixWare 7?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
The SCO Programmer's FAQ tries to answer these questions for both
OpenServer 5 and UnixWare 7.

There are also a few tips scattered in the descriptions of third party
software in Section (8).






1.45 How do I migrate from OpenServer 5.0.x to UnixWare 7.1.1?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
Please see the complete coverage in Section 10, Migrating from
OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7. This is obsolete with Open Unix 8.
I suggest reading on Caldera's site now.








1.46 How do I get my IDE cdrom recognized during ISL?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
Some people want to install Uw7 from IDE cdrom, rather than
from a network, tape, or SCSI cdrom. To do so, we load drivers
from two HBA diskettes and set the cdrom as secondary master if
it's alone on it's controller.

Loading drivers from an HBA diskette is similar to how DOS
users load atapi.sys and mscdex.exe for DOS. Adding drivers
lets the OS access the device.

In Uw7, there's no error if you don't load the right driver.
What will happen is no cdrom will be listed to install from.

Some IDE cdroms need a newer driver that's not on the
Uw7.1.1 HBA diskette that came in the media kit. Check

ftp://ftp.caldera.com/pub/unixware7/drivers/

for the latest HBA diskettes. Follow these guidelines to get your
IDE cdrom recognized during ISL.

1) Set the ide cdrom as the secondary MASTER if it's alone on it's
controller.

2) Otherwise set it as the slave to a master hard drive.

3) During ISL, when asked for HBA diskettes:

* load the ide_hba_#### diskette first.
* load the hba_711a diskette last.


(SCSI cdroms are handled by the SCSI host adapter they are
connected to, which also gets a driver from the HBA diskette)








1.47 SCO's been sold to Caldera, what will happen to UnixWare 7?
12 Feb 2002
------------------------------
UnixWare 7.x.x is deprecated. Use Open Unix 8 from Caldera now.




1.48 When will Open Unix 8 be released?
12 Jul 2001
------------------------------
Open Unix 8 was released on July 2, 2001.




1.49 What's the LKP that'll be in Open Unix 8?
12 Feb 2002
------------------------------
One of the main features of Caldera Open Unix 8 is the LKP, which stands
for Linux Kernel Personality. It's a Linux kernel running at the same
time as the Unix kernel. It's a full install of Caldera Open Linux 3.1
on top of Open Unix 8.




1.50 Why do I see words with parentheses like fdisk(1M) and pwrite(2)?
16 Oct 2001
-------------------------------------
The notation is meant to tell you which man section those
commands are described in. The section is in parentheses,
and the word can refer to a program, a built-in command, a file,
or sometimes a looser concept.

You have a library of man pages, divided into sections.
For instance, the restriced system administration commands
are in the 1M section. Those commands are described in the
intro(1M) man page, and the programs are stored in /usr/sbin.
To read the intro(1M) man page, type this:

man 1M intro

The section names, like 1M, 2, 3, 3S, 4, 4tcp, etc., are case
sensative. Be sure to watch that when using man.

To read the intro(4tcp) page, you'd type:

man 4tcp intro

The reason you'd use the section names, rather than just typing
man intro, would be your desire to specify which of the many "intro"
pages you want to retrieve. As another example, there are two passwd
man pages, passwd(1) and passwd(4).






_________________________________
| |
| 2. User Related Information |
|_________________________________|===========================================

2.1 What shell am I using?
18 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
Use the 'ps' command:

ps


2.2 How do I display Yurtle's user ID (UID) or group ID (GID)?
7 Dec 1999
----------------------------------------
Use the 'id' command to display all the UID and all the groups:

id yurtle



2.3 What is a really good shell that gives me useful commands?
18 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
People enjoy the Korn Shell, ksh, for everyday use. It gives the
user the ability to do command recall and filename completion.
The default root shell is the Bourne shell, sh, which is considered more
secure because it does not have command line history, but is
limited and rather old. Bash is the Borne Again Shell, a newer
version of the Bourne Shell which is well liked also.




2.4 Where are my users's home directories on UnixWare7?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
The home directories are all in '/home' which is often
created as slice number 4 on the first disk drive:

/home is mounted on /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4

Yurtle's home directory would be /home/yurtle for instance.
Norton's home directory would be /home/norton for instance.

When logged in as norton, these are equivalent:

~/
/home/norton/
$HOME/





2.5 What is User Equivalence and why is it important?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
User equivalence exists on a network when the following
occurs on _all_ computers on that network:

a given user has the same username, UID, and password
a given user belongs to the same groups
a given group has the same GID

This enables all users to have transparent access no matter
what terminal they sit down at. It also enables users to
utilize commands such as 'rlogin.' It's been pointed out to me that
the rcommands will work if strict user equivalence is not upheld.




2.6 What do the permissions -rw-r--r do? How about drwxr-xr-x ?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
Permissions control whether users can list, create, delete, access,
read, modify, or run a file. Definitions are as follows:

Directory Perms File Perms
----------------- ------------
r = ls the directory r = cat a file
w = create / delete files in the dir. w = modify file with vi
x = access the directory x = execute a file

To answer the question, the first example lets the owner read and
write to the file, and everyone else can only read it (excluding root).
In the second example, the directory is set up so that the owner
of the directory can list files in the directory, create/delete them,
and access the directory. Everyone else, except root, can only list
the files and access the directory.

Note that DELETING a file depends on the directory w permission and the
directory's owner/group, NOT on the file's w permission!

List permissions with the 'ls -l' command.

Permission numerical equivalents:

read = 4
write = 2
execute = 1

You add the numerical equivalents together, eg on files:

644 755 111
/ | \ / | \ / | \
rw-r--r-- rwxr-xr-x --x--x--x





2.7 How do I use Korn shell command recall (history)?
18 Dec 2000 contribs Hops
----------------------------------------
<Esc> k then use your h,j,k,l vi type commands

What you've typed can be recalled again on the command line
so that you can just press 'Enter' to re-execute the command.
Commands can then be edited, too. Just use your vi skills.


__ Details __

The history of commands is kept in the user's directory as
$HOME/.history.

First the user needs to log in using the Korn shell, which is the
default shell for new users. The user's $HOME/.profile needs to
contain the lines:

EDITOR=vi
export EDITOR

Make those changes, then make them happen by running your .profile:

. ~/.profile

Go ahead and type a few harmless commands like 'cal' and 'banner hello'
to prime your history file; then you are ready to use it. When you want
to work with a command in your history, press the 'Esc' key once. This
puts you into a single line vi editor, in command mode, that has opened
your history file. To cycle up or down through the commands in your
history, use the 'j' and 'k' keys just as you would in vi. When you find
the command you want, press Enter.

Because you are using a single line vi, you can use all the usual
vi commands to move about and alter the command as needed. Things
to try are the search '/' keystroke in order to search through your
history for the command you are looking for and the 'w' or 'b' keystrokes.

=============
The equivalent for emacs style editing is

set -o emacs

or

EDITOR=emacs
export EDITOR

or ksh invocation as

ksh -o emacs

The playback and editing keys are then the normal movement sequences
^P, ^N, ^B, ^F, ^A, ^E.

====================
Use of Arrow keys can be enabled in ksh88 and previous with the
following set in your ~/.profile

# fn keys for ansi terminal or xterm alias
__A='^P' # UpArr alias
__B='^N' # DwnArr alias
__C='^F' # RghtArr alias
__D='^B' # LftArr alias
__H='^A' # Home


( The ^x form here is the real control character)

---------------
for ksh93 and later the above will not work instead you need:

# test for ksh93 - (dropped ERRNO)
set keybinding handling
[[ ${ERRNO:-unset} == "unset" ]] && {

alias array='typeset -A'

typeset -A KeyTable
trap 'eval "${KeyTable[${.sh.edchar}]}"' KEYBD

function keybind # key [action]
{
typeset key=$(print -f "%q" "$2")
case $# in
2) KeyTable[$1]=' .sh.edchar=${.sh.edmode}'"$key"
;;
1) unset KeyTable[$1]
;;
*) print -u2 "Usage $0 key [action]"
return 2 # usage errors return 2 by default
;;
esac
}
keybind $'\t' $'\E\E' # Tab -> file/cmd completion
keybind $'\E[A' $'\020' # up
keybind $'\E[B' $'\016' # down
keybind $'\E[C' $'\006' # right
keybind $'\E[D' $'\002' # left
keybind $'\E[H' $'\001' # beginning of line 'Home'
keybind $'\E[Y' $'\005' # 'End' of line
=============








2.8 How do I use Korn shell filename and directory name completion?
18 Dec 2000 contribs Hops
----------------------------------------
The Korn shell can be used to help someone type out the long name of
a file or directory. Often we give gzipped archives such a long
descriptive name that it takes too long to type the whole thing.

To use name completion, use the Korn or Bash shell with the EDITOR
variable set to 'vi' as described in (2.7). Then start typing
something like

cd /opt/net

then press:

'Esc'
'\'

The keystrokes Esc, then \ will complete the name net to netscape if
net contains enough characters to uniquely identify the only possible
name as 'netscape.' If there are two or more files or directories
that start with net, then nothing will change on your screen.
=================

For emacs mode the equivalent character sequence is Esc Esc.
That can be mapped to the more convenient TAB key with the trap and
keybind function listed in the section on command line history recall
and playback and the following binding in ~/.profile

keybind $'\t' $'\E\E' # Tab -> file/cmd completion
=================




2.9 Can I display 132 columns on my terminal screen instead of 80?
5 Nov 1999
----------------------------------------
This is still not possible in a regular terminal screen like vt04.
It is possible, though, to do on the CDE in a dtterm by clicking on
Options --> Window Size --> 132 columns.




2.10 How do I change the color of the terminal font or background?
22 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
Use the 'setcolor' command. I like to leave the default white
on black for regular characters and change the inverse, as in:

setcolor -r yellow red

This looks good to me when I pipe things to 'less.'




2.11 How do I ls -l a directory but not its whole contents?
9 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
When you try to ls -l /tmp to see what the permissions are on /tmp,
the command lists the contents of /tmp instead. To stop that, type:

ls -ld /tmp

You can remember the -d as standing for 'directory.'



2.12 Why do I want to use 'less' ?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
Less is an excellent Skunkware program that can be pkgadd'd.
Less is more. Less has the following excellent aspects:

* Less can scroll up and down line by line
* Less can scroll horizontally, left and right
* Less can be configured to not wrap long lines (ps -ef !!)
* Less uses all the usual vi commands like h, j, k, l, and /.
* Less can tail a growing log file just like tail -f does.
* Less will highlight text strings found using /.
* Less lets you edit what you see, just press v to go to vi.

To get the most out of less, I like to do the following in my .profile:

setcolor -r yellow red
LESS=MS
export LESS

This sets the highlight colors, and exports the -M and -S arguments
to less which makes less put file %'s at the bottom of the screen and
makes less not wrap long lines (scroll right with the arrow key).



2.13 How do I impress changes made to my .profile on my environment?
15 Oct 1999
-----------------------------------------
You can type the command

. $HOME/.profile

using the . with a space after it causes the file to be run.




2.14 How do I spell check this Faq?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Skunkware's got an excellent spell checker called ispell.
It's interactive and has the '?' command for help.

pkgadd -d cdrom1 ispell

ispell -M -b -S -L4 -B uw7faq

where
-M Display menu of commands at the bottom of the screen
-b Make a backup copy of the file uw7faq
-S Sort the list of suggestions by probable correctness
-L4 Print four lines of context around the misspelled word
-B Attempt to catch run together words like redwoodforrest
uw7faq The filename to be checked







2.15 How can I tell if an ftp download is still working?
26 Dec 1999
-------------------------------------
The ftp client program has a useful feature called hash, which
when turned on, prints a bunch of #####, 1 for each 1KB downloading.

Just issue the 'hash' command at the ftp prompt, the same way that
you issue the 'bin' command.





2.16 How do I issue complex commands to an ftp server, like ls -lF?
12 Feb 2002
--------------------------------------
The ftp client program lets you issue complex argument lists within
quotation marks, as in:

ftp> ls "-l ptf*"

The trick is just to quote everything after the first command,
I think, so that the shell doesn't interpret them.

It only took me 10 years of ftp'ing to learn that one
There's also

ls |less
cat README -
cat README |less

which are examples of how you pipe data a local shell command.






2.17 How do I copy and paste in the KDE from an eterm to another app?
6 May 2001
--------------------------------------
Use your left mouse button to select text.
It's copied automatically.
Paste with a middle-click (or chord-click).

I'm able to paste into Netscape's email, even though alt+v doesn't
work and Edit|Paste is stippled out.







2.18 How do I display my current working directory at a ksh prompt?
4 Feb 2001
--------------------------------------
People like to see their hostname and working directory in their
prompt, like:

Yoda:/var/tmp>$

This can be easily done in ksh by editing your .profile.
Change the PS1 line or create it to read:

PS1='Yoda:$PWD\>\$'

but use your own hostname, rather than Yoda. Be sure to surround
the PS1 definition in single quotes, or it won't update when you
change directories.






2.19 How do I display my current working directory at a bash prompt?
4 Feb 2001
--------------------------------------
You can have bash display your hostname and working directory
at the prompt in this form:

yoda:/var/tmp>$

by changing the PS1 line or creating in your .profile to read:

PS1='\h:$PWD>\$'

The defninition must be in single quotes, or it won't update
the prompt when you change directories. If you like to see your
hostname capitalized like I do, then hardcode it into your .profile
like this:

PS1='Yoda:$PWD>\$'









2.20 How do I type accented charaters in vi, Messenger, or Kedit?
28 Jun 2001
--------------------------------------
Uw7 supports compose keys and dead keys in X.


Quickly: In Kedit...
---------------------------------------------------------
The compose key is ^T
Press the compose key(s) ctrl+shift+t
Release.
Now Press c/


Synopsis:
----------
<Compose key> <character> <accent>


Examples: press these keys and see what they create
--------------------------------------------------------
^Te'
^Ta*
^TY=
^Tae
^T??
e^T^2 are the w00t w00t.



I've had success with Kedit, Netscape Messenger, and in an Eterm.
So vi is no problem. It doesn't work in an xterm, though, nor
does it work on a regular tty, as far as I can figure.



Detail
---------
a) You need your locale to be en_US-ISO8859-1 or similar,
not C. The locales that end in 8859-1 or similar support
accented characters. Use these commands to show the
locale for a logged in user and to set the locale on a
per-user basis:

/bin/locale
scoadmin acc

To set the locale system wide, edit /etc/default/locale.

b) Once your locale is set, log in and startx.

c) Boot up Netscape Navigator and bookmark the mapchan file
that's used to tranlate keystrokes:
file:/usr/lib/mapchan/ISO8859-1/ISO8859-1

If nor using 8859-1, choose the file that matches what
you've chosen.


d) The important section (it's big):

compose 0x14 # Compose character (^T)
' ' ' ' 0240 # NBSP
'"' ' ' 0xa8 # umlaut accent
'\'' ' ' 0xb4 # acute accent
'+' '+' '#' # number sign
'A' 'A' '@' # commercial at
'(' '(' '[' # opening bracket
'/' '/' '\\' # backslash
'/' '<' '\\' # backslash
')' ')' ']' # closing bracket
'^' ' ' '^' # circumflex accent
'>' ' ' '^' # circumflex accent
'`' ' ' '`' # grave accent
'(' '-' '{' # opening brace
'/' '^' '|' # vertical line
'L' 'V' '|' # vertical line
'l' 'v' '|' # vertical line
')' '-' '}' # closing brace
'~' ' ' '~' # tilde
'-' ' ' '~' # tilde
'!' '!' 0241 # inverted !
'c' '/' 0242 # cent sign
'C' '/' 0242 # cent sign
'c' '|' 0242 # cent sign
'C' '|' 0242 # cent sign
...


The good stuff starts down there with the inverted ! statement.
Any line where the third field is in 0222 style notation is
an accented character when created with the compose key and
the first two characters.



e) The compose key is listed above. Once you press it, Uw7 knows
the next two keystrokes are meant to compose the character and
an accent.

Compose character: ^T
But take care! That's not ctrl + t,
that's ctrl + shift + t

You need to press and hold each key until they are all pressed,
in the order listed, then release them all. If you accidentially
get dyslexic and press shift+ctrl+t, you're out of luck.


You can change your compose key. To do so, change the
line that says:
compose 0x14 # Compose character (^T)
to read some other hex value, and that's it. Very tidy.




f) Let's make a cent sign, and an inverted exclamation.
Open up Netscape Messenger and compose new mail.
Click in the body area and type a few keys and spaces,
then:

1) Press this: ^T
2) see this: nothing, cursor doesn't move
3) Press this: c
4) see this: nothing, cursor waits for 2nd character
5) Press this: /
6) see this: ¢


1) Press this: ^T!!
2) see this: ¡


That's about it.




Notes:
-----------
In Windows, you compose the cent sign by engaging your NUMLOCK
key, then _holding down_ the ALT key while pressing 0162 on the
keypad: ALT 0162
When you relase the ALT key, the accented character will appear.

Windows uses the synopsis:

<ALT> <4 digit decimal value>

where the decimal value is similar to

0064
0164
0283

Win see also: http://www.ramsch.org/martin/uni/fmi-hp/iso8859-1.html








2.21 What are the different ways to print documents?
2 Jul 2001
-------------------------------------
You can print to nearly every printer on the planet by dumping straight
ascii text to the printer. They will print it in Courier 10pt font,
usually.

You can print a graphics rich, color document, by converting it
to postscript (ps) and then sending that ps file directly to a
printer that understands ps. Most top of the line HP laserjets
understand ps. Most inkjets don't, unless you pay the extra $200
to get the license and upload the code to the printer rom.

You can print a graphics rich, color document, to a printer that
uses a complex escape (ESC) code language and that has a driver written
for it in the program ghostscript (gs). Most printers satisfy these
requirements. So gs comes in very handy when printing to printers
attached to the Unix box, a Windows box, or to a print-server (like an
HP JetDirect 300x attached to your ethernet).





2.22 How do I use ghostscript to format documents for an Epson 800?
12 Feb 2002
-------------------------------------
The Epson Stylus Color 800 is similar to the other Epson InkJet
printers that were sold like crazy in 1999 and 2000:
Epson 400
Epson 600
Epson 800
Epson 1440

They all do 1440x720 dpi color, on all different paper stocks.
The better ones just do it faster. They can't do ps by default, and
they are Windows printers basically. So we need to use gs to format
the print job with the proper ESC/P2 sequences to activate the options
we see in the windows printer properties page.

The Epson Stylus Color line of printers is supported in gs by the
uniprint driver. You can learn how to compile gs7.xx in Section 8.12,
Alladin Ghostscript. You can see what printer drivers are compiled
into your gs by using the command:

gs -h

You can read up on this topic in the gs-7.xx source docs:
file:/home/matthew/Dev/gs7.xx/doc/Devices.htm

That's a really important file.

There's a upp file for any Epson Stylus 800, high-res, 720x720,
called:

stc800p.upp

Here's the command I'd use to create a printable version of tiger.ps,

gs @stc800p.upp -sOutputFile=/var/tmp/printout tiger.ps -c quit









2.23 How do I use VisionFS to print to a Windows shared printer?
2 Jul 2001
-------------------------------------
The trick to setting up VisionFS is to read the PDF file that
they tuck away in this path:

file:/usr/vision/bin/pctools/en_US/docs/vfsintro.pdf

Here's the nuts and bolts of the subject. When you have a WindowsNT
or Win2K computer with a shared printer attached to it, if you have an
account on that computer and rights to print on it, then you're set on
the Windows side.

As root, it's helpful if you make a symlink to the visionfs program
in /usr/local/bin so that your users don't have to modify all their
paths.

# ln -s /usr/vision/bin/visionfs /usr/local/bin/visionfs

Then get the list of shared printers on the NT host "luke."
Print to one of them:

$ visionfs print //luke --user matthew
Password for matthew? **********
P2D2 <Active> 0 jobs
EPSON800 <Active> 0 jobs

$ visionfs print //luke/P2D2 /var/tmp/printout --user matthew
Password for matthew? ***********
Your print job is ###



Summary: gs @stc800p.upp -sOutputFile=/var/tmp/printout tiger.ps -c quit
Summary: visionfs print //luke --user matthew
Summary: visionfs print //luke/P2D2 /var/tmp/printout --user matthew


There's a way to make a unix printer that you can just lp the
file to and skip the visionfs print command. That's in the manual.










____________________________________
| |
| 3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks |
|____________________________________|

3.1 What's a partition?
14 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
A disk can be subdivided into one to four continuous sections
called partitions. In reality, Unixware7 likes to use only one Unix
partition per disk, but the others can be raw for database use.
Inside a partition are slices (or just raw space as I mentioned).



3.2 What's a slice?
14 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
A slice is a subdivision of a partition. There can be from zero to 184
slices in a partition. Inside a slice is a filesystem.



3.3 What's a filesystem?
14 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
A filesystem is a data structure (sort of like an array) that contains
a superblock, an inode list, and data blocks. This data structure is
used to provide the operating system access to files and data.
The data blocks hold the actual file data, and the inodes keep track
of things like permissions and where the actual data is.



3.4 What's an inode?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Please see Section 1.25, "What is an Inode?"



3.5 What does HBA stand for?
18 Dec 2000 contribs Boyd Gerber
----------------------------------------
HBA stands for Host Bus Adapter.





3.6 Can an HBA have more than one bus?
12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
----------------------------------------
Yes, a dual channel SCSI adapter like the AHA3940 is an example
of two scsi buses. If this was the only HBA on the mainboard, and
the builtin IDE controllers were disabled in the BIOS, then the
HBA's would be:

c0b0t?d?s?
c0b1t?d?s?

The b# is the part that changes for multibus adapters.






3.7 What is the lun number?
12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
----------------------------------------
Lun stands for Logical Unit Number. Some SCSI devices have the ability
to chain up to seven devices off of one SCSI ID. eg. the Iomega Beta 44.
The primary controller is logical unit zero and the slaves start with one
and continue for each device.

This drawing may help

SCSI HBA-----------SCSI ID 5-|--Lun 0 Primary CDROM drive
| |--Lun 1 Slave CDROM drive
| |-- ....
| |--Lun 7 Slave CDROM drive
|
|----SCSI ID 6----Lun 0 Primary CDROM
| |--...
-----SCSI ID 0----...


The SCSI device can have 8 lun numbers from 0-7





3.8 If a computer has two SCSI cards, which is c0 and which is c1?
12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
----------------------------------------
UnixWare starts with IO address. For example a mixture of IDE and SCSI
would be as follows:

IDE Primary Controller would be c0.
IDE Secondary Controller would be c1.
SCSI Controller would be c2.

Usually SCSI controllers are chosen the same way they are listed as
the BIOS loads. You may be able to modify this behavior in your SCSI
BIOS. Contact your SCSI HBA manufacturer for more information.

You may also be able to modify the loading order in the dcu.
There's a TA or a doc in the search engine about it.

You may get some info from resmgr or from sdiconfig -l.






3.9 What are the names of the disks, like /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 ?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
The hard disks are named in subdirectories of /dev:

/dev/dsk block devices for mounting, mdir, tar, and dd.
/dev/rdsk raw character devices for format

The hard disks are always named starting with c#b#t#d# then either
an s# or p# making either of the following for raw devices:

/dev/rdsk/c#b#t#d#s#
/dev/rdsk/c#b#t#d#p#

You can remember this because it Can't Be That Difficult --> c_b_t_d.
Use the s# designation when you're referring to a slice and the p#
designation when you are referring to a partition.

You can use s0 to refer to the entire partition (when using prtvtoc).
You can use p0 to refer to the entire disk.

The # in s# is HEX ! Be sure to use hex when referring to
slices higher than 9, as in c0b0t0d0sc for the 12th slice
(a=10, b=11, c=12, d=13, e=14, f=15).

The c, b, t, and d stand for:

c# is the controller number (like c0 or c1 for each HBA or IDE controller)
b# is the bus number of the HBA. This is usually 0, as in b0.
t# is the scsi id. t# for IDE is 0=primary, 1=slave.
d# is the lun number (also usually 0 as in d0).

On a small system without raid and only one Adaptec scsi HBA, the
c, b, and d, don't change, and you use the different scsi id's (t#) to
refer to each different drive, as in:

/dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0s0
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0b0t13d0s0
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t3d0s0

See also the Sections preceding this question.





3.10 What is the device name of the diskette drive?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
The first 1.44 floppy drive is usually referenced as

/dev/dsk/f03ht <--- These are equivalent and are
/dev/fd0 <--- for mounting, tar, dd

/dev/rdsk/f03ht <--- These are equivalent and are
/dev/rfd0 <--- for formatting


Diskettes are referenced by device files in

/dev/dsk/* <-- Block devices (diskettes with filesystems)
/dev/rdsk/* <-- Raw devices (diskettes made with tar or cpio)

/dev/dsk/f03ht <-- First 1.44 MB block diskette
/dev/dsk/f13ht <-- Second 1.44 MB block diskette
/dev/rdsk/f03ht <-- First 1.44 MB raw diskette
/dev/rdsk/f13ht <-- Second 1.44 MB raw diskette

/dev/dsk/f05ht <-- First 1.2 MB block diskette
/dev/rdsk/f05ht <-- First 1.2 MB raw diskette
/dev/rdsk/f15ht <-- Second 1.2 MB raw diskette

The specific device file to use depends on the density and size of
the diskette and drive. The device file name consists of:

f0 or f1 <-- The first or second drive respectively
3h <-- 3.5" high density (1.44 MB)
5h <-- 5.25" high density (1.2 MB)
t <-- The t specifies the entire disk

There are other diskette device identifiers like 3c, 3e, 3d, 5d, which
can be found in the man 7 fd. In theory, /dev/[r]f03ct refers to 1.68 MB
and 1.722 MB diskettes.




3.11 How do I write files to a diskette and list them?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
One method is format the floppy, create a vxfs filesystem on it,
mount the floppy, copy the files to the mount directory, then ls that
directory.

Another method is to format the floppy, then use tar to write the files
to the floppy. Use tar again to list the files. A disadvantage of tar
is that you can't use wildcards (*) when extracting files. Tar on Uw7
can back up empty directories, unlike that in OS5.

A very good method of writing files to diskettes is to format the floppy,
then use cpio.

Finally, you can take a DOS format floppy and mcopy the files to it,
then list them with mdir.




3.12 How do I format a 1.44 MB floppy?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Use the format command on the raw diskette:

format -V /dev/rfd0 <-- First 1.44 MB floppy and verify.

or use the following for an exhaustive verify:

format -E /dev/rfd0 <-- I use -E for assurance, because
it write verifies every sector.
It's worth a few minutes.




3.13 How do I create a filesystem on a floppy?
19 Sept 1999
----------------------------------------
First format the floppy with an exhaustive verify, as this is the only
surefire way to root out bad sectors. Then use the 'mkfs' command:

mkfs -F vxfs /dev/fd0 2880

which will create a vxfs filesystem on the first floppy drive with
a size of 2880 512-byte blocks (1.44 MB).





3.14 How do I mount a floppy and view the contents?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
Mount the floppy with the 'mount' command, then list the contents
using the 'ls' command:

mount -F vxfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
or mount -F dosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt

then ls -l /mnt

If the floppy doesn't have a filesystem on it, or the mount point
directory doesn't exist, then the mount will fail.

Be absolutely sure to umount the diskette before you remove it
from its drive.




3.15 How do I access the disc in my cd-rom drive?
Sept 22 1999
----------------------------------------
The disc has a filesystem on it, which is called a 'cdfs' filesystem
in Uw7, and it needs to be mounted to be accessed:

mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt

where;
mount <-- The command needs to be run by by a privileged user.
-r <-- Specifies read only.
-F cdfs <-- Describes the filesystem type as 'cdfs'
/dev/... <-- Specifies the first cdrom drive (a block device).
/mnt <-- The directory to which the disc is mounted.
It must exist before running the 'mount' command.





3.16 What might a guru type when mounting a disc?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
One can use the '-o <option_args>' argument to the mount command to
do useful things like disallowing SUID, setting r-xr--r--, and
converting caps to lower-case, as in:

mount -r -F cdfs -o nosuid,dperm=544,nameconv=l /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt

One could make a shell function of that command in their .profile so as
to make it easily available:

mcd1() { mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt && echo "Cd mounted.\n" ;}


From the mount(1M) page,
'The CDROM media may or may not have values set for items such as
the User ID (UID), Group ID (GID), permissions, etc. If a value
is not recorded on the CDROM, a default value is assigned by the
software. The default value is either taken from the
/etc/conf/pack.d/cdfs/space.c file, or from the value specified
with the -o option of the mount command.'

'mkisofs,' part of the cdtools on Skunkware, properly writes the
permissions when creating the ISO image.




3.17 Can I burn a cdr in UnixWare 7.1.x?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Cdtools enables you to burn both cdr's and cdrw's. I found
the latest version, 1.10, off the net and compiled it because
burning cd's is tricky. I'd like to limit the environmental
disaster of coasters, if you know what I mean.

The file sco_notes.txt contains the method to burn a cd.
That's somewhere on Caldera's website and distilled here.

You'll want to run the following command as root, once you have
cdtools installed:

cdrecord -scanbus

That let me see that my scsibus,target,lun for my cdrw was 0,4,0.
0,4,0 4) 'PLEXTOR ' 'CDR PX820T' '1.08' Removable CD-ROM


1) You don't need an /etc/default/cdrecord file. It's doesn't
work right anyway.

2) Let's say you downloaded the Caldera Workstation 3.1 iso image.
Cd to the directory it's in.

3) cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 workstation-3.1.iso
- or -
cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 -dao workstation-3.1.iso

4) mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt


Here's how to create your own iso image of the files in a directory
and how to burn it in DAO mode, as an ISO9660 Data Mode 1 disc, without
Joliet nor RockRidge extensions:

2) Copy all the files that you want to a temporary directory
called /home/tmp/cdi and arrange the files the way you want them
on the final cdr that you are going to burn.
3) # cd /home/tmp/cdi
4) # mkisofs -L -l -v -r -V mydisc -o /home/tmp/out.img .
5) # cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 -dao /home/tmp/out.img
6) # mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt

That worked well for me.

(1) The default file doesn't work. If you make a valid one and only
use it rather than specifying a dev=, then you'll burn coasters.
(2) is self-explanatory. (3) cdrecord needs to run as root, or else
you need to set up the SUID and SGID and permissions stuff. (4) Change
to the correct directory. (5) It is necessary to make an ISO filesystem
image of all your files, and the flags are important, and so is the '.'
which is just like the relative pathname notation in cpio. I got the
args from the SCO_NOTES.html file included in the archive. The -V mydisc
is what labels the cdrom "MYDISC". (6) Burn the cd now. (7) I'd eject,
then insert and mount the cd.

If you want to do a simulated burn, then add the -dummy flag to the
cdrecord command line.







3.18 What is the tape drive called?
18 Dec 2000
----------------------------------------
The tape drive device files are in /dev/rmt/*
The first device on each list is the easiest to remember,
but all devices in a column are equivalent. In this scsi setup,
the tape device is at scsi id=2.

Rew/Non-Ret Non-Rew/Non-Ret Rew/Ret Non-Rew/Ret
ctape1 ntape1 rtape1 nrtape1
c0s0 c0s0n c0s0r c0s0nr
c0b0t2l0 c0b0t2l0n c0b0t2l0r c0b0t2l0nr



Unload after op
utape1
c0b0t2l0u


Use a device like ctape2 if you have a second drive.





3.19 What is a good tape drive to use with Uw7?
12 Feb 2002
----------------------------------------
Any scsi tape drive should be functional, with some devices offering newer
options like fast positioning to index marks, etc. Hewlett Packard DAT
drives are well liked and have One Button Disaster Recovery, but DAT
technology is at the end of it's lifetime. Nowadays, Exabyte/Ecrix are
making the VXA-1 that is 8mm, LVD, 33/66MB and excellent. Sony makes
great tape drives, also.




3.20 What are some of the tape commands I want to know?
9 Oct 1999
----------------------------------------
The tapecntl command is used to manipulate the tape device directly.
Some commands will not work on all tape drives as each tape drive
supports slightly different subsets of all the potential scsi tape
commands. Common tapecntl commands are:

tapecntl -r - Reset the tape drive
tapecntl -w - Rewind the tape.
tapecntl -u - Eject the tape.
tapecntl -C - List the hardware compression setting
tapecntl -c 3 - Enable all hardware compression
tapecntl -c 0 - Disable all hardware compression
tapecntl -v - Set the drive to read/write in variable block lengths
tapecntl -f 512 - Set the drive back to r/w in 512 byte block lengths!

The default tape i/o block length for r/w is fixed at 512 bytes.
The default tape device that all the above commands refer to is ntape1.
To use one of these commands like reset, I would type:

tapecntl -r /dev/rmt/ntape1



3.21 What are the various filesystem types on Uw7?
18 Dec 2000
------------------------------------
Uw7 is based around the Vxfs filesystem. It also supports:

dosfs - For DOS.
cdfs - For cdrom's, both Rockridge and High Sierra/ISO9660
bfs - For the boot file system
nfs - As in Sun's NFS.
nucfs - Netware for Unix
s5 - For HBA installation diskettes and OSR5



3.22 What's the maximum filesystem size?
15 Oct 1999
------------------------------------
The maximum vxfs filesystem size is 1 TB.



3.23 What's the maximum file size?
15 Oct 1999
------------------------------------
The maximum vxfs file size is 1 TB.



3.24 What's the logical block size?
18 Dec 2000
------------------------------------
The logical block size is set during ISL when creating the filesystem.
In the sco docs, it's defined as "the size of the blocks that the kernel
uses to read and write data."(1) It can be set to 1024, 2048, 4096, or
8192 bytes. The default is 1024. This logical block size is not what
we usually think of as a block, which we say is 512 bytes, historically.

________
1. http://localhost:457/FS_admin/_Choos...lock_Size.html



3.25 Is there still that 64k inode limit by default?
15 Oct 1999
------------------------------------
There is no 64K inode limit on a vxfs filesystem by default, beginning
with Uw7.1.0.



3.26 How do I mount the filesystem on a disk, disc, or diskette?
18 Dec 2000
------------------------------------
A filesystem must be mounted before it can be used. Here are the
commands that one can use to mount various media:

Disk: mount -F vxfs /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 /home
Disc: mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
Diskette: mount -F vxfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
mount -F dosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt

The examples refer to the first floppy drive, first cdrom, and
to mounting the Home filesystem.

We use the block devices, /dev/dsk/*, for mounting filesystems.




3.27 Why would mounting fail?
15 Oct 1999
------------------------------------
An attempt to mount a filesystem will fail if the directory to which
you are mounting does not exist, or if that directory contains files
that are in use, or if you refer to the filesystem as the wrong type.
Only a privileged user can use the mount command.



3.28 Why would unmounting fail?
18 Dec 2000
------------------------------------
A filesystem will not unmount if someone is using the filesystem, which
includes having cd'd into the filesystem and leaving that terminal in
that directory, and when a user is using a file as in vi. Only a
privileged user can use the mount command.

See the section in this faq about fuser to clear the umount lock.




3.29 How do I list the disk geometry like Cylinders, Heads, Bytes/Sector?
12 Feb 2002
------------------------------------
The disk geometry is very important to understand so that one can
successfully partition and slice their hard drives. The disk geometry
is different with each system, and can be changed with a setting in
your scsi host adapter Bois called "Enable BIOS translation for
DOS drives over 1GB."

To list your geometry, type the command:

prtvtoc -p /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0

where you will need to use the correct target id, etc., and be sure
that you specify s0 as the slice so that you refer to the entire
partition.

I used to say that you could use the partsize command also, but
it doesn't tell you the correct values the way prtvtoc does. This
is especially true if you have BIOS translation enabled.

Prtvtoc always shows a translated geometry structure for drives with
scsi id's 0 and 1 on the boot controller, even if you BIOS translation
disabled. That's so it's easier to boot (the whole drive is < 1024 cyls).







3.30 How do I list my partition and slice layout? Is there a divvy?
15 Oct 1999
------------------------------------
For partitions, use fdisk. For slices use prtvtoc. There may be a
nifty program like divvy in the future, but, for now, use the following
command to list the slice layout to a file in /tmp:

prtvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc

If you do a cat /tmp/mytoc, you will see something like the
following, where;

SLICE is the slice number in decimal,
TAG designates whether it is a root, boot, swap, home, or .... slice
FLAG field defines whether the slice is valid, read-only, and/or
unmountable (that field is similar to the permissions field 644
or 755 in that it contains numbers that are added
START and SIZE fields refer to the sector that the slice begins
on and the number of sectors that the slice occupies,
respectively.

#SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
0 0x5 0x201 63 16305912
1 0x2 0x200 1076355 6152895
2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
3 0x0 0x0 0 0
4 0xb 0x200 7229250 8787555
5 0x0 0x0 0 0
6 0xc 0x201 64260 578340
7 0x1 0x201 63 34
8 0xd 0x201 97 15968
9 0x0 0x0 0 0
10 0x9 0x200 16065 48195
11 0x0 0x0 0 0
12 0x0 0x0 0 0
13 0x0 0x0 0 0
14 0x0 0x0 0 0
15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065


An important slice to look at is slice 4, the home slice, because you
will use it as a perfect template for creating your own slices, when
you need to. The 0xb and 0x200 are what I'm referring to.




3.31 How do I convert sectors to MB?
2 Jul 2001
------------------------------------
First you need to do a 'prtvtoc' on the hard drive, so that you can
determine the bytes/sector. On my IBM hard drive, 1 sector = 512 Bytes.
You can multiply this by 1, twice, as in:

1 sect. 1024 Bytes 1024 KB
--------- x ---------- x --------- = 2048 sect./ MB
512 Bytes 1 KB 1 MB

Using the beauty of cross-multiplication, we can see that Bytes
cancels Bytes, KB cancels KB, and we are left with sectors/MB.
So on my system, to convert sectors to MB, I would divide the
number of sectors by 2048 sect./MB.




3.32 How do I add a 2nd or 3rd disk drive to my system?
12 Feb 2002
------------------------------------
It is fairly straightforward to add another drive to a UnixWare
system, thanks to the command 'diskadd.' You don't need to do
anything to the system before you install the drive. After shutting
down, installing the drive with the correct termination, and jumpering
it for the correct scsi id and auto-spinup, you can restore power and
run your HBA BIOS setup program to match your HBA to your drive
capabilities (on an Adaptec scsi HBA like a 2940UW, you would press
CTRL-A during POST). Then boot into multiuser mode. As root, run:

diskadd c0b0t1d0

to add the disk. Use the right c#b#t#d# for your setup.

The diskadd program will take you through:

fdisk -- Is invoked to allow you to create a partition
disksetup -- Is run which helps you to do the following:
* Surface Analysis (not necessary for scsi drives)
* Create the VTOC (Volume Table of Contents)
* Write the bad track and bad sector table to the drive
* Create the layout of slices on the new drive (up to 13 of them)
* Use mkfs to make filesystems
* Creates the lost+found directories automatically in any filesystem.
* Creates the mount point directories.
* Mounts the filesystems.
* Updates the vfstab file.

The 'disksetup' program walks you through all the steps via a simple
series of questions. It is well written and works smoothly. You will
need to know how many MB you want each slice to be, and what they
will be called, and that's about it.


*********************
Some caveats:

1) UnixWare uses a slice representation like c0b0t0d0xx
for almost everything that needs a drive named.

2) That naming has no partition information in it !!
So you can't specify what partition you mean when you type
c0b0t0d0s4 to refer to a slice.

3) The only way for UnixWare to know what partition contains
slice 4, is for it to mark that partition active.

4) Thus you can only use one partition for filesystems on each
hard drive. And that one partition needs to be active for
the system to know where to go. The only exception is
when you use a whole additional partition for one filesystem
and no slices (call it /dev/dsk/c#b#t#d#p# <-- no s).

5) In the active Unix partition, you can have 183 slices. Diskadd
only helps you create up to 13. Any additional slices need to be
hand created. On the 2nd drive with scsi id=1, the slices would
be 1 through b8 (because slices are listed in hex):

/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s1
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s2
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s3
...
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0sb6
/dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0sb7 <--- Slice #'s are in hex, b7 = 183.

I couldn't get 184 to work; so for now, I'll claim 183.

6) The situation where you would have more than one partition on
another drive is where you need a raw partition for Database
storage or you are using the trick of one filesystem taking up a
whole partition with no slices in it.




3.33 How do I partition a hard drive?
18 Dec 2000
------------------------------------
It is not very common to partition a hard drive with UnixWare, because of
the caveats listed in (3.29). If you find yourself needing to add a
partition for some raw space or for dedication of the entire partition
to a filesystem (odd), go ahead and use 'fdisk.' Reboot and remake
your emergency boot and root disks.




3.34 How do I create a slice in a partition?
2 Jul 2001
------------------------------------
People add a slice if they want to make another filesystem or add additional
swap space. Most slices were created the easy way, during ISL or when you
added a drive and ran diskadd. If you need more than 13 slices or you
just postponed adding them until later, you'll want to do the following:


1) Choose a drive with an active UW partition with free space in it.
2) Print the VTOC to a temp file called mytoc.
3) Look at mytoc and determine what slice number to use.
4) Determine from mytoc where to start your new slice.
5) Determine using math how many sectors to use... The Magic Multiplier.
6) Edit and save mytoc with the new slice #, TAG, FLAG, START, and SIZE.
7) Impress mytoc back onto the partition as the new VTOC.
8) Reboot if you changed the root disk drive or if you added a slice
above number 15.


After that is done, the slice is ready for a filesystem and mounting.
Here is an in-depth example of the above procedure:

1) I'll choose the partition that is on my first hard drive
because it has some free space on it and it has an easy to
follow example slice (/home). That means scsi id 0.

2) prtvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0

3) less /tmp/mytoc
The output is shown below. Slice 5 is empty. I'll use 5.

#SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
0 0x5 0x201 63 16305912
1 0x2 0x200 1076355 6152895
2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
3 0x0 0x0 0 0
4 0xb 0x200 7229250 8787555
5 0x0 0x0 0 0
6 0xc 0x201 64260 578340
7 0x1 0x201 63 34
8 0xd 0x201 97 15968
9 0x0 0x0 0 0
10 0x9 0x200 16065 48195
11 0x0 0x0 0 0
12 0x0 0x0 0 0
13 0x0 0x0 0 0
14 0x0 0x0 0 0
15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065

4) To determine where to start, you need to look and see where
the last slice ends because the unallocated space begins at
then end of the last slice. A cylinder begins at the end of
the last slice. From the above output, I can see
slice 0, the whole partition, starts at 63 and is 16305912 sectors
long. It is important to realize that:

(start sector) + (number of sectors) = (beginning sector
of empty space).

For example, a hypothetical slice that starts at sector 0
and is 10 sectors long. Then:

( 0 ) + ( 10 ) = 10

which means that the slice takes up sectors 0-9, and sector 10
is where the free space starts.

Back to the real chart, we see: (63) + (16305912) = (16305975)
which tells me that the drive ends on 16305975. Now I look for
the last slice which is the slice with the highest start number,
15 in this case. Below is a listing of slice 15 again:

#SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065


I want to start at the beginning of the unallocated space.
The f