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C Programming - Operators

 

C Programming - Operators

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.C Programming - Operators

In this tutorial you will learn about Operators, Arithmetic operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Assignment Operators, Increments and Decrement Operators, Conditional Operators, Bitwise Operators and Special Operators.



Operators Introduction

An operator is a symbol which helps the user to command the computer to do a certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in C language program to operate on data and variables. C has a rich set of operators which can be classified as


1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Increments and Decrement Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Special Operators


1. Arithmetic Operators

All the basic arithmetic operations can be carried out in C. All the operators have almost the same meaning as in other languages. Both unary and binary operations are available in C language. Unary operations operate on a singe operand, therefore the number 5 when operated by unary – will have the value –5.


Arithmetic Operators

Operator


Meaning


+


Addition or Unary Plus



Subtraction or Unary Minus


*


Multiplication


/


Division


%


Modulus Operator



Examples of arithmetic operators are

x + y
x - y
-x + y
a * b + c
-a * b


etc.,

here a, b, c, x, y are known as operands. The modulus operator is a special operator in C language which evaluates the remainder of the operands after division.

Example


.
#include //include header file stdio.h
void main() //tell the compiler the start of the program
{
int numb1, num2, sum, sub, mul, div, mod; //declaration of variables
scanf (“%d %d”, &num1, &num2); //inputs the operands

sum = num1+num2; //addition of numbers and storing in sum.
printf(“\n Thu sum is = %d”, sum); //display the output

sub = num1-num2; //subtraction of numbers and storing in sub.
printf(“\n Thu difference is = %d”, sub); //display the output

mul = num1*num2; //multiplication of numbers and storing in mul.
printf(“\n Thu product is = %d”, mul); //display the output

div = num1/num2; //division of numbers and storing in div.
printf(“\n Thu division is = %d”, div); //display the output

mod = num1%num2; //modulus of numbers and storing in mod.
printf(“\n Thu modulus is = %d”, mod); //display the output
}
.


Integer Arithmetic

When an arithmetic operation is performed on two whole numbers or integers than such an operation is called as integer arithmetic. It always gives an integer as the result. Let x = 27 and y = 5 be 2 integer numbers. Then the integer operation leads to the following results.

x + y = 32
x – y = 22
x * y = 115
x % y = 2
x / y = 5

In integer division the fractional part is truncated.


Floating point arithmetic

When an arithmetic operation is preformed on two real numbers or fraction numbers such an operation is called floating point arithmetic. The floating point results can be truncated according to the properties requirement. The remainder operator is not applicable for floating point arithmetic operands.

Let x = 14.0 and y = 4.0 then

x + y = 18.0
x – y = 10.0
x * y = 56.0
x / y = 3.50


Mixed mode arithmetic

When one of the operand is real and other is an integer and if the arithmetic operation is carried out on these 2 operands then it is called as mixed mode arithmetic. If any one operand is of real type then the result will always be real thus 15/10.0 = 1.5


2. Relational Operators

Often it is required to compare the relationship between operands and bring out a decision and program accordingly. This is when the relational operator come into picture. C supports the following relational operators.


Operator


Meaning


<


is less than


<=


is less than or equal to


>


is greater than


>=


is greater than or equal to


==


is equal to


!=


is not equal to



It is required to compare the marks of 2 students, salary of 2 persons, we can compare them using relational operators.

A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and takes the following form.

exp1 relational operator exp2

Where exp1 and exp2 are expressions, which may be simple constants, variables or combination of them. Given below is a list of examples of relational expressions and evaluated values.

6.5 <= 25 TRUE
-65 > 0 FALSE
10 < 7 + 5 TRUE

Relational expressions are used in decision making statements of C language such as if, while and for statements to decide the course of action of a running program.


3. Logical Operators

C has the following logical operators, they compare or evaluate logical and relational expressions.


Operator


Meaning


&&


Logical AND


||


Logical OR


!


Logical NOT



Logical AND (&&)

This operator is used to evaluate 2 conditions or expressions with relational operators simultaneously. If both the expressions to the left and to the right of the logical operator is true then the whole compound expression is true.

Example


a > b && x = = 10

The expression to the left is a > b and that on the right is x == 10 the whole expression is true only if both expressions are true i.e., if a is greater than b and x is equal to 10.


Logical OR (||)

The logical OR is used to combine 2 expressions or the condition evaluates to true if any one of the 2 expressions is true.

Example


a < m || a < n

The expression evaluates to true if any one of them is true or if both of them are true. It evaluates to true if a is less than either m or n and when a is less than both m and n.


Logical NOT (!)

The logical not operator takes single expression and evaluates to true if the expression is false and evaluates to false if the expression is true. In other words it just reverses the value of the expression.

For example


! (x >= y) the NOT expression evaluates to true only if the value of x is neither greater than or equal to y


4. Assignment Operators

The Assignment Operator evaluates an expression on the right of the expression and substitutes it to the value or variable on the left of the expression.

Example


x = a + b


Here the value of a + b is evaluated and substituted to the variable x.

In addition, C has a set of shorthand assignment operators of the form.


var oper = exp;

Here var is a variable, exp is an expression and oper is a C binary arithmetic operator. The operator oper = is known as shorthand assignment operator


Example


x + = 1 is same as x = x + 1


The commonly used shorthand assignment operators are as follows

Shorthand assignment operators


Statement with simple
assignment operator


Statement with
shorthand operator


a = a + 1


a += 1


a = a – 1


a -= 1


a = a * (n+1)


a *= (n+1)


a = a / (n+1)


a /= (n+1)


a = a % b


a %= b



Example for using shorthand assignment operator


.
#define N 100 //creates a variable N with constant value 100
#define A 2 //creates a variable A with constant value 2

main() //start of the program
{
int a; //variable a declaration
a = A; //assigns value 2 to a

while (a < N) //while value of a is less than N
{ //evaluate or do the following
printf(“%d \n”,a); //print the current value of a
a *= a; //shorthand form of a = a * a
} //end of the loop
} //end of the program
.


Output


2
4
16


Next Page: C Programming - Operators - Page 2


Read Next: C Programming - Expressions



 

 

Comments


tereenanne said:

  you made the understanding so easy.especially your examples
September 28, 2007, 10:51 am

helios said:

  ur work on c operators was astounding! helped me a lot wid ma project!
thank you!
January 5, 2008, 12:16 pm

Eliwa said:

  This is work well done on operators! It has helped me alot in my studies in computer science. Thanks!
February 8, 2008, 3:52 am

GIANG HO said:

  I would like to have clearly explanation and examples about BITWISE. Please, help me.
October 23, 2008, 2:32 pm

Vijay R said:

  Hi,, i want to know one program on ~ operator in c programming.. can u pls help me
November 12, 2008, 1:15 am

Amarpreet said:

  Hi! your illustration is easier to understand and to make other know about the operators of c. thanks buddy.
November 23, 2008, 3:35 am

jagannath said:

  if u could have given all operators in one table with precedence it would be more helpful.
December 10, 2008, 7:53 pm

Princeioe said:

  Hi,
I am new to this site.
The way of expalination is excellent.From two days onwards i am visiting this site and i am learning C language.Today i have gone through "C Programming - Operators",
Could you please explain Bitwise operators with some examples?
January 6, 2009, 9:17 am

1 said:

  What is the meaning of this sign <>
February 3, 2009, 1:28 am

Mahua Nandy said:

  helpful in my studies
February 8, 2009, 8:25 am

mukesh basnet said:

  hi
this is me mukesh . i am new to c programming so help me giving some example.
February 8, 2009, 11:08 pm

Tanzeela Batool said:

  this is wondefull!!!!
with the help of this operators's information my presentation was good.
Tanzeela Batool
February 12, 2009, 9:12 am

Pacifique M said:

  what is the meaning of" -= "
February 20, 2009, 11:25 am

Ritty said:

  Thank you very much it is useful for my studies it gave me full explanation thank you
March 31, 2009, 10:22 am

Nikhil said:

  What is meaning of == operator it checks what address or string? If I have("john"=="john") it returns false
where as true in Java.
April 8, 2009, 6:06 pm

Vrishali said:

  What is the meaning of a=b=c;
June 18, 2009, 6:51 am

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