C++ Tutorials

Created by Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T Bell Labs as an extension of C, C++ is an object-oriented computer language used in the development of enterprise and commercial applications. Microsoft’s Visual C++ became the premier language of choice among developers and programmers.

As a procedural programming language, C++ uses program structures such as i/o (input/output), assignment statement, iterative statements, conditional statements and subprograms. Data structures of C++ include integer, real, char, arrays, structs and pointers.

Employment opportunities are numerous and well paid for C++ programmers and developers looking to work in the field of Software Engineering or as an IT Professional. Oftentimes, C++ Professionals will also be familiar with C, Linux, Unix, Java, .NET and VB (Visual Basic). Developers working with C++ can expect to participate in a variety of programming opportunities: developing systems for trading applications for an Investment Bank, developing cutting edge software applications for groundbreaking new technologies (Smartphone, PDA, etc.) to creating applications for 3-D Imaging Software or spectroscopic systems.

C++ Tutorials available in this section include explanations for simple to more advanced concepts of C++ in detail with sample coding information. A new programmer or developer interested in learning about C++ programming language and finding out why C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages for creating large-scale applications can utilize the tutorials and articles on C++ made available in this section.

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Object Oriented Programming Paradigm Oops is a better way of solving problems in computers compared to the procedural language programming such as in C. oops is designed around the data being operated upon as opposed to the operations these operations are designed to fit data. A type of programming in which programmers define not only the data type...
Elements of Object Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming is centered around the new concepts such as classes polymorphism inheritance etc. it is a well suited paradigm for the following Modeling the real world problem as close as possible to the users perspective. Interacting easily with computational environment using...
Basic concepts of OOPS and Structure of C program In this tutorial you will learn about Objects Classes Inheritance Data Abstraction Data Encapsulation Polymorphism Overloading Reusability. Before starting to learn C it is essential that one must have a basic knowledge of the concepts of Object oriented programming. Some of the important...
Type Conversions in C In this C Tutorial you will learn about Type Conversions in C What is Type Conversion How to achieve this Automatic Conversion otherwise called as Implicit Conversion and Type casting otherwise called as Explicit Conversion What is Type Conversion It is the process of converting one type into another. In other words...
Class Constructors and destructors in C In this C tutorial you will learn about Class Constructors and destructors in C viz. Constructors What is the use of Constructor General Syntax of Constructor Destructors What is the use of Destructors and General Syntax of Destructors. Constructors What is the use of Constructor The main use of...
Concepts of Arrays in C In this C Tutorial you will learn about Concepts of Arrays in C What is an array How to access an array element Declaration of Array and How to Access Array Elements. Concepts of Arrays in C In this C Tutorial you will learn about Concepts of Arrays in C What is an array How to access an array element Declaration...
Operator Overloading In this C tutorial you will learn about Operator Overloading in two Parts In Part I  of Operator Overloading you will learn about  Unary Operators Binary Operators and Operator Overloading Unary operators. Operator overloading is a very important feature of Object Oriented Programming. Curious to know...
Concepts of Function In this C Tutorial you will learn about concepts of function - What is a function Features of Function Declaring a Function Defining a function and Calling the function What is a function A function is a structure that has a number of program statements grouped as a unit with a name given to the unit. Function can be invoked...
Concept of Function with Arguments In this C Tutorial you will learn about Concept of Function with Arguments - What is an argument Declaring a function Function Definition and Calling the function. Previous chapters of this tutorial have discussed simple function definition writing declaration of function and function call. In this chapter the...
Scope of Variables in Function In this C Tutorial you will learn about Scope of Variables in Function viz Local Variables - Scope of Local Variables Global Variables - Scope of Global Variables. The scope of the variables can be broadly be classified as Local Variables Global Variables Local Variables The variables defined...
Static Functions - An Introduction The static member functions have a class scope and they do not have access to the this pointer of the class. When a member is declared as static that is a static member of class have only one such data for the entire class even though there are many objects created for the class. The main usage of static function...
Variable Constants and Data types in C In this C tutorial you will learn about variable constants and data types in C rules for defining variable name short int int long int float double long double char bool declaring variables and constants. Variables A variable is the storage location in memory that is stored by its value....
C Abstraction Abstraction is one of the most powerful and vital features provided by object-oriented C programming language. Modularity is very important in any programming language it provides flexibility to users for using the programming language. This aspect is well achieved with high performance by the concept of abstraction in C . In object-oriented...
C Objects and Classes An Overview about Objects and Classes In object-oriented programming language C the data and functions procedures to manipulate the data are bundled together as a self-contained unit called an object. A class is an extended concept similar to that of structure in C programming language this class describes the data properties...
C Encapsulation Introduction Encapsulation is the process of combining data and functions into a single unit called class. Using the method of encapsulation the programmer cannot directly access the data. Data is only accessible through the functions present inside the class. Data encapsulation led to the important concept of data hiding. Data...
C Polymorphism Introduction Polymorphism is the ability to use an operator or function in different ways. Polymorphism gives different meanings or functions to the operators or functions. Poly referring to many signifies the many uses of these operators and functions. A single function usage or an operator functioning in many ways can be called...
C Inheritance Introduction What is Inheritance Inheritance is the process by which new classes called derived classes are created from existing classes called base classes. The derived classes have all the features of the base class and the programmer can choose to add new features specific to the newly created derived class. For example a...
C Structure In this C tutorial you will learn about Structure declaring a Structure how to declare Structure Variable and how to access the structure members in C . What is a Structure Structure is a collection of variables under a single name. Variables can be of any type int float char etc. The main difference between structure...
C Structure - Part II In this C tutorial Structures Part II you will learn how to use structure in an efficient way and features of structures explained with examples. Structure Members Initialization As with arrays and variables structure members can also be initialized. This is performed by enclosing the values to be initialized inside...
How to Access C Class Members In this C tutorial you will learn how to access Class members dot operator or class member access operator difference between struct and class and  scope resolution operator. It is possible to access the class members after a class is defined and objects are created. General syntax to access class member...
C Standard Input Output Stream In this C tutorial you will learn about standard input stream and standard output stream explained along with syntax and examples.C programming language uses the concept of streams to perform input and output operations using the keyboard and to display information on the monitor of the computer. What is a...
C Operators Part I In this C tutorial you will learn about operators assignment operator arithmetic operators compound assignment operators increment and decrement operator the functionality of prefix and postfix operators relational and equality operators. The operators available in C programming language are Assignment Operator...
Operators in C Part II In this C tutorial you will learn about logical operators operator operator conditional operator comma operator bitwise operator and sizeof operator. Logical Operators The logical operators used are The operator is called NOT operator. This has a single operand which reverses...
C Manipulators In this C tutorial you will learn what a manipulator is endl manipulator setw manipulator setfill manipulator and setprecision manipulator explained along with syntax and examples. What is a Manipulator Manipulators are operators used in C for formatting output. The data is manipulated by the programmer’ s choice of...
C Decision Making Statements In this C tutorial you will learn about decision making statements if statement if… else statement switch statement conditional operator along with syntax and examples. Decision-making is an important concept in any programming language and to accomplish this C uses the following decision making statements...
C Multidimensional Arrays In this C tutorial you will learn about Multidimensional arrays what is Multidimensional array how is Multidimensional arrays represented in C how to access the elements in the Multidimensional array. What is a Multidimensional Array A Multidimensional array is an array of arrays. How are Multidimensional...
How to achieve looping in C In object-oriented programming language whenever a block of statements has to be repeated a certain number of times or repeated until a condition becomes satisfied the concept of looping is used. The following commands used in C for achieving looping for loop while loop do-while loop for...
C String Representation and Handling In this C tutorial you will learn about string representation and handling how is string represented end string notation initializing char array character representation string literals example programe to understand the character array concept and the accessing of character array in detail and How to...
C Operator Overloading Part II Operator overloading is a very important aspect of object-oriented programming. Binary operators can be overloaded in a similar manner as unary operators. In this C tutorial you will learn about Binary Operating Overloading explained along with syntax and example. Operator Overloading Binary Operators Binary...
C Storage Classes In this C tutorial you will learn about storage classes types of storage class variables - Automatic External and Static explained with examples. Storage classes In the context of scope of variables in functions exists the important concept of storage class. What is Storage Class Storage class defined for a variable...
C Function Passing Types In this C tutorial you will learn about function passing types two types of arguments passing in functions - passed by value  and  passed by reference are discussed here. The arguments passed to a function can be performed in two ways Passed By Value Passed By Reference Passed By Value In...
C Inline Functions In this C tutorial you will learn about Inline function what is inline function reason for the need of inline function what happens when an inline function is written general format of inline function explained with example. What is Inline Function Inline functions are functions where the call is made to inline functions....
C Virtual Functions What are Virtual Functions Virtual as the name implies is something that exists in effect but not in reality. The concept of virtual function is the same as a function but it does not really exist although it appears in needed places in a program. The object-oriented programming language C implements the concept of virtual...
C Pure Virtual Function and Virtual Base Class In this C tutorial you will learn about pure virtual function declaration of pure virtual function and virtual base class virtual base class and how to implement a virtual base class explained with examples. What is Pure Virtual Function Pure Virtual Function is a Virtual function with no...
C Friend Functions In this C tutorials you will learn about friend functions need for friend function how to define and use friend function and few important points regarding friend function explained with example. Need for Friend Function As discussed in the earlier sections on access specifiers when a data is declared as private inside...
C Static Functions Static member functions have a class scope and they do not have access to the this pointer of the class. When a member is declared as static a static member of class it has only one data for the entire class even though there are many objects created for the class. The main usage of static function is when the programmer wants...
C Pointers Concept of Pointers Every storage location of memory has an associated address. Address is a number that grows sequentially. For every program placed in memory each variable or function in the program has an associated address. The address of operator The address of operator or Reference operator is denoted by the notation ....
C Void Pointer and Null Pointer In this C tutorial you will learn about two interesting types of pointers; void pointers and Null Pointer. These pointers will be discussed in conjunction with syntax usage and example. Pointer to Void General Syntax void pointer_variable; Void is used as a keyword. Referring back to pointer definitions...
C Memory Management operators Need for Memory Management operators The concept of arrays has a block of memory reserved. The disadvantage with the concept of arrays is that the programmer must know while programming the size of memory to be allocated in addition to the array size remaining constant. In programming there may be scenarios where...
C Dereference Operator In this C tutorial you will learn how to access the value of variables pointed by the pointer variables using pointer concept discussed in detail. It is possible to access the value of variables pointed by the pointer variables using pointer. This is performed by using the Dereference operator in C which has the...